تاريخ اسلام در آينه پژوهش

designation emerged, facing widespread opposition and crises. Its consolidation depended on the economic, military, political, and cultural power of the Quraysh clans, particularly the “Banu Sahm ibn Amr” branch. This study, employing a descriptive-analytical method and drawing on historical and hadith sources from both Sunni and Shia traditions, examines the influential role of this branch in the formation and stabilization of the early caliphal succession. The findings indicate that despite their moderate population size, Banu Sahm played a significant role in the political and military developments of early Islam. During the Prophet’s era, most of the clan’s leaders opposed him, and defeats in key battles deepened their hostility toward Imam Ali (peace be upon him). Under the caliphates of Abu Bakr and Umar, especially through the activities of Amr ibn al-As, they actively contributed to military campaigns and the consolidation of governance structures. During Uthman’s rule, their influence declined, accompanied by participation in protests. Under Imam Ali (peace be upon him), most of the clan sided with the opposition, supporting Muawiya. Comparative analysis shows that Banu Sahm’s political position was always variable, dependent on interactions with central authority.