Abstracts

An Inquiry into the Reasons behind Qorayshi Bani 'Amir's Inclination and Their Attitude towards and Islam

Asqar Montazer Al-qa'em*, Muhammad Ali Sami'i**

Abstract

Using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on authentic resources about the Holy Prophet's lifestyle and on the accounts of the battles of early Islam, the present paper studies the status of Qurayshi Bani 'Amir between pre-Islam until the demise of the Holy Prophet, their attitude towards Islam and Muslims and their interactions with Muslims during that period. It discusses the genealogy, economic condition, population, place of residence, and science . . . of this household in the pre-Islam period. Then, it explains and analyzes Muslims' status, life of Bani 'Amir polytheists, and the conduct of these two different ideological attitudes towards Islam and proves that Qurayshi Bani 'Amir adopted two completely different attitudes – disagreement and collaboration with the Holy Prophet in early Islam.

Key word: Islam, Bani 'Amir, Quraysh, Mecca

A Comparative Analysis of Mothers' Status in Islamic Culture and the Culture of the Age of Ignorance

Maryam Mashahdi Alipoor*

Abstract

Investigating the status of women during the Age of Ignorance has been a subject of concern to researchers. However, a brief look at this question reveals that researchers have not made a thorough study of the personal and familial issues during the Age of Ignorance. The discussions on the status of women in Age of Ignorance are mainly related to female infanticide and kinds of marriage and divorce of that period, while the other aspects of women's life, particularly their role as mothers, were neglected. Therefore, the present paper illustrates this point by answering some questions relating to the mothers' status in the Age of Ignorance and early Islam which are as follows: what was the mothers' status during the Age of Ignorance? Was the position they occupied as wives and daughters lowly or was it high? Has Islam challenged all the mores and manners of Age of Ignorance or did it approve those which were compatible with moral standards? The present paper studies such issues like attributing descent to mothers, the role of the mother in training and naming the child, comparing the status of mothers during the Age of Ignorance and that in Islam.

Key words: the Age of Ignorance, mother, early Islam, descent, offspring.

A Review of Religious Scholars' Role in Dealing with Babi'ism and Baha'ism

Muhammad Fakir Meybudi*, Rahman Zare'**

Abstract

Different factors contributed to the formation of the misguided sect of Baha'ism. Among the factors which are worth mentioning are: misconception of the doctrines of Mahdism and awaiting the savior, the emergence of Sheikiyyah sect, in addition to some cultural and social factors like poverty, ignorance, illiteracy, and superstition. Regarding the political factors, we can refer to the weakness of government and multidirectional domination of foreign powers over the court and national resources on one hand and to the support offered by foreign powers for any deconstructive movement which targeted the strength of the government and religious scholars on the other hand. The mistake committed by some historians and the false claims of some followers of the misguided Baha'ism has made some think that such religious scholars like Sheikh A‘zam Ansari did not adopt a rigid stance in dealing with leaders of Baha'ism and Babism. The present paper tries to investigate these claims, and comment on them in the light of the existing evidence.

Key words: religious scholars, Babism, Baha'ism, Qajar, Sheikh Ansari.

The Collaboration between Iran's Baha'ism and Saudi's Wahhabism to Destroy the Infallible Imams' Holy Shrines in Baqi'

Reza Ali Sufi*, Ali Akbar Zawer**

Abstract

Every year, when the eighth of Shawwal comes, the Muslim world and the Shi‘ah in particular commemorate the tragic event of destroying the holy shrines of the infallible and pure imams by Wahhabis and the invaluable historical works handed down from early Islam. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, the present paper describes this event, its outcome, and the reaction of the Muslim world to it. Then, it answers the basic question relating to the factors that contributed to weakening anti-Wahhabism atmosphere in Iran, neglecting the late Mudarres's project called "Commission to Defend the Holy Shrines", removal of Hajj prohibition, recognition of the newly established Saudi's government, and establishing diplomatic relationships with it in spite of the anti-Wahhabism atmosphere in Iran and the efforts of religious scholars and religious forces to react against and place pressure on the Wahhabis. This paper confirms the idea that the contribution and endeavor of Baha'i elements in the Iranian government of the time played a major role in this regard.

Key words: Baqi', Wahhabism, Baha'ism, 'Eynolmalik (Hoveyda), Mudarres.

The Role of Ibn Abi Al-Hadid's Historiography and Historicism in the Revival of the Historical Ground of the Text of Nahjol Balāghah text

Muhsen Raf'at*

Abstract

Ibn Abi Al-Hadid Al- Mu‘tazili is considered as the most famous commentator of Nahjol Balaghāh and his book as one of the most outstanding commentaries. The important feature of his book is his proper understanding of Imam Ali's sayings. Proper understanding is also contingent upon the historicism of every component to which paid special attention to explain and interpret Imam Ali's sayings correctly. Among the best means which Ibn Abi-Al-Hadid used in order to interpret Imam Ali's sayings properly are: considering the geographical context of the sayings, stating the reason behind the sayings, and attempting to find the date the sayings. Furthermore, he was able to use context-based criticism (textual criticism), individuals' genealogy, others' citations, famous narrations and historical traditions in historicism of the different narrations. No doubt, the most important criticism about his commentary is the influence of theology and his sectarian attitude resulting from his religious fanaticism and enmity towards Shi'ism, and so, due to his Mu‘tazilite bias he has sometimes neglects historicism and his sectarian understanding takes priority over proper understanding.

Key words: Imam Ali (peace be upon him, Nahjol Balāghah, Ibn Abi-Al-Hadid, commentary of Nahjol Balāghah, historiography, historicism, criticism, history.

The Reasons behind Harith b. Surayj's Uprising and Its Outcome

Muhsen Beheshtiseresht*, Muhammad Muhammadpoor**

Abstract

During their rule in Khorasan and due to their racist nature the Umayyads practiced discrimination against Mawālī (freed slaves) and the Arab people who shared them in thought and imposed high taxes of different kinds on them. Such a policy made Mawālī face serious and complicated economic conditions and stimulated them to contribute in the harsh regional struggle against Umayyad dynasty. One of the reactions was Harith b. Surayj's uprising. It was not only one of the most important uprisings that shook the Umayyad regime in Khorasan but also prepared the ground for Abu Muslim's uprising who managed to ruin the unstable bases of the Umayyad regime by making use of the experiences he gained from Surayj's uprising. The present paper tries to investigate the causes, development and outcome of Harith b. Surayj's uprising in Khorasan.

Key words: Umayyads, Harith b. Surayj, uprising, Abu Muslim Khorasani, economic conditions.

Neyshabur in the Third and Fourth Centuries ('AH')

Roohollah Badri*

Abstract

Neyshabur is one of the four capitals of Great Khorasan and one of the ancient cities of Iran. It had a political and cultural importance in the early Islamic centuries. It was so important that some governments chose it as their capital. Its scientific and political status, Imam Reza is short visit to it and his narration of the "Gold Chain" tradition have added to its importance. This city enjoyed an important position in the first and second centuries ('AH') but the importance of this historical city increased in the third and fourth centuries ('AH'). The present paper tries to elaborate on Neyshabur's political importance, its conditions, the religion of its people, their customs, language, the conflicts and wars, its schools, its economic conditions, and religious sects of the city in the third and fourth centuries ('AH').

Key words: Neyshabur, political importance, economic conditions, schools, religious sects.

* Associate professor of history department, Isfahan University                    montazer5337@yahoo.com

** PhD student of history, Isfahan University

Received: 2012-10-16 - Accepted: 2013-4-9

* PhD student of Quranic sciences and traditions, Azad Islamic University, sciences and research unit  

Received: 2011-12-14 - Accepted: 2012-12-10                                ahmademamimoshaver@gmail.com

* . Associate professor of Quranic sciences and commentary, Al-Mustafa international university

** . MA of Quranic sciences and commentary, Qom University                        rzmarvdashti@gmail.com

Received: 2012-6-20 - Accepted: 2012-10-24

* . PhD of Iran's History in Islamic period, Tehran Payam-e-Noor University

** MA of Iran's History in Islamic period, Tehran Payam-e-Noor University          a.a.zavar@gmail.com

Received: 2012-11-27 - Accepted: 2012-3-15

* . PhD student of Quranic sciences and traditions, Qom University              mohsenrafat65@gmail.com

Received: 2012-4-14 - Accepted: 2013-1-14

* Assistant professor of history department, Imam Khomeini International University

** MA of history of Islam and instructor of Mawlana University                       rahmand10@ymail.com

Received: 2012-10-8 - Accepted: 2012-3-10

* Faculty member of Payam-e-Noor University          rohollah_1358 badri@yahoo.com

Received: 2012-6-6 - Accepted: 2012-10-30