Abstracts
Article data in English (انگلیسی)
A Review of Historical course of development of Khums (the Fifth) at the Time of Shi'a Imams
Mohammad Jawad Yavari Sartakhti / PhD student of history of Twelver Shi'ism, IKI
Mohammad Reza Jabbari / Associate professor of IKI jabbari@qabas.net
Received: 2013-5-19 - Accepted: 2013-9-8
Abstract
One of the religious obligations which God has made incumbent on Muslims as stated in the Glorious Quran is paying Khums. According to Sunni view, the word khums mentioned in the verse 41 of Chapter 8 (Sura Anfal: The Spoils of War) only refers to ghanima (spoils of war). According to the infallible Imams' view, however, khums is not only paid on ghanima but also on the annual profits and gains. Given the importance and status of khums, the Holy Prophet of Islam and the infallible Imams not only elaborated on the instances for which khums must be paid, but also made great efforts to enforce this religious principle. According to this view, the narrations indicating that Shi'a Imams consider khums as lawful, which is related to a specific trend or juncture due to political, economic and social purposes, can by analyzed. It is also obligatory to pay khums during occultation period. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the present paper seeks to resolve the historical doubts cast on this issue and challenge Sunni view on khums in the light of a review of the historical course of development of khums during the presence of the infallible Imams.
Key words: khums in the Quran, history of khums, the infallible Imams, Shi'ism.
The Role of Philosophy in Islamic Civilization
Mahdi Nosratian Ahoor / PhD student of teaching sciences, the course of Quran and texts, Qom University of the Quran and tradition mehdi.nosratian@gmail.com
Received: 2013-2-17 - Accepted: 2013-7-14
Abstract
Having entered into the world of Islam, philosophy was subject to change, development and perfection, and influenced different arenas of Islamic culture and civilization. Among the roles which philosophy played in Islamic civilization are: civilization is in need of philosophy to distinguish truth from untruth, the effect of philosophy on religion, the effect of philosophy on ethics, the effect of philosophy on politics and explanation of Utopia, and the effect of philosophy on theology. The present paper first deals with the meaning of culture, civilization, religion, ethics and politics and then briefly explains the course of development of philosophy in the world of Islam. The final part casts light on the role of philosophy in Islamic civilization.
Key words: culture, civilization, philosophy, the role of philosophy in theology, the role of philosophy in ethics, the role of philosophy in religion, and the role of philosophy in politics.
A Critique of Ibn Kathir's Historiography about Shi'ism in Al Bidayah wa-Nihayah (The Beginning and the End)
Wahid Mirjani / PhD student of history of Twelver Shi'ism IKI mirjani1@yahoo.com
Ne'matullah Safari / Assistant professor of Al-Mustafa International University nsafari8@gmail.com
Received: 2013-4-22 - Accepted: 2013-8-16
Abstract
Al Bidayah wa-Nihayah is a famous book on the history of Islam, written by Ibn Kathir Dimashqi (701-773 'AH'). He has anti-Shi'a views due to the effects of spatiotemporal conditions and particularly the influence of such professors like Ibn Taymiyyah. The present paper seeks to criticize Ibn Kathir's historiography of Shi'ism in the aforementioned book by making a general review of his methods and approaches. This paper is written as a critique of documents, content and methods of Ibn Kathir's historiography. The most important criticisms directed to it are: internal contradictions of aforementioned book, its inconsistency with the Quran, tradition and history, biased "selection and omission", and "acceptance and rejection". A thorough analysis if this book indicates that the writer omits, rejects, distorts or justifies any historical account which does not correspond with his own views and attitudes; firstly to justify his own religious beliefs and secondly due to his anti-Shi'a attitudes.
Key words: Shi'a, history of Shi'ism, Ibn Kathir, Al Bidayah wa-Nihayah, a critique of historiography, bias and distortion.
The Effect of Siffin Battle on the Development of Qa'edin (the Sedentary)
Ali Akbar 'Abbasi / Assistant professor of history department, Isfahan University
Hadi Wakili / Associate professor of history department, Mashhad Firdausi University
Received: 2013-5-2 - Accepted: 2013-9-6
Abstract
The Kufan people were the most important companions and friends of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) during his five-year Caliphate, but after the great battle of Siffin they became less obedient to Imam Ali. This is ascribed to the extreme thoughts which they held and which rapidly influenced their attitude towards the fight against the Syrians. Before going to war with Syrians and Mu'awiyah's army, Iraqi people were nearly unanimous to fight against Qasetin (deviators) and their dignitaries gave rousing speeches about the necessity of fight against the survivors of the parties who had opposed the Holy Prophet. The people were nearly unanimous and the opponents who were very few did not dare to oppose. After the battle of Siffin, however, the situation was otherwise and the very people changed their position. The present paper seeks to explore the reasons why people changed their attitude, such that Imam Ali's friends accepted arbitration and forced him to elect such a personality as Abu Musa Ash'ari as arbitrator, who opposed such wars.
Key words: Imam Ali (peace be upon him), Mu'awiyah, Qa'edin, Siffin, Abu Musa Ash'ari.
Review of the Domestic Conditions of Spain at the Onset of Islamic Conquest
Sajjad Dadfar / Assistant professor of Kermanshah Razi University
sajaddadfar@yahoo.com
Received: 2013-5-27 - Accepted: 2013-9-4
Abstract
Muslims' conquest of Spain and their subsequent victories in this region are of special importance in the history of Muslims' conquests. Spain was the first country in Europe that Muslims could conquer within a short time. However, an area of research about this topic can be an analysis of this victory in the form of a review of the domestic conditions of Spain with arrival of Muslims in this country the potential effects of these conditions on the success of the conquering forces. Therefore, the present research seeks to offer a brief account about the history of Muslims conquests in North Africa and review Spain's domestic climate as a potential hypothesis for Muslims' conquest of this land.
Key words: Spain, Andalusia, Visigoths, 'Umayyad, Tariq b. Ziyad.
A Review of the Reasons behind Instability of Khawariji Thought in Sistan
Jawad Bahraminia / MA student of history of Islam, University of Sistan and Baluchistan
Seyyed Ahmad 'Aqili / Assistant professor of history department, University of Sistan and Baluchistan seyedahmad.aghili@yahoo.com
Received: 2013-4-9 - Accepted: 2013-8-8
Abstract
Kharijites were an influential group in the events of first centuries ('AH'), which was first developed as an independent sect during Imam Ali's Caliphate and the battle of Siffin and opposed the idea of going to arbitration. When 'Umayyads took Caliphate, Khawarij sparked many uprisings against them, so they were being sued by 'Umayyad rulers. This made them relocate their activities in some regions far away from the center of Caliphate, including north west of Iran and Sistan. With the help of the local people of this region, Khawarij continued their military operations against 'Umayyads and 'Abbasids for about three centuries. At the end, they could not maintain their consistency and, as a result, transmuted into local people. The main question is: why did Khawariji ideas not last in Sistan? The reasons behind their failure in this regard seem to be: their use of violence and terror, their being subject to suppression by 'Umayyads, superiority of their combating wing over their ideological wing, and their inability to conform to the native culture of Sistan.
Key words: 'Umayyads, uprisings of Khawarij, Sistan, Khawarijism.
