Tarikh Islam

In order to ensure the stability and sustainability of the government and to achieve its goals and objectives, rulers are forced to create diverse structures within the government. According to sociologists, the functions of the structure are that, first, it will completely manage and systematize the blockage and social exclusion of groups opposing and protesting power. Secondly, it prevents the emergence of social tension and conflicts over changes and inequalities. Therefore, in the era of the Caliphate, three ideological, political, and economic structures emerged. The ideological structure was designed to change, manipulate, and control people's beliefs and values, and was based on three components (prohibition of writing and publishing prophetic hadiths, delegitimization of the words of the Messenger of God (PBUH&H.H), and forgery, distortion, and innovation). The political-administrative structure was based on the monopoly of various levels of power by the Quraysh and the exclusion of the Banu Hashim, the Ansar, and others from it. The economic structure was also organized by eliminating the opponents' financial resources and restricting their economy, and by distributing the treasury in a targeted and directional manner, with a special focus on the Quraysh and the Umayyads. The aforementioned new three-tiered structures in the era of the Caliphate caused conflicts, tensions, and bloody sectarian conflicts, social ruptures and rifts, inequality in the distribution of political and economic resources, and other adverse consequences throughout history for Islamic society. Using a descriptive-analytical method based on historical data, this research answers the question: What structures were based on the period after the demise of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH&H.H) and the rule of the caliphs? What have been the negative effects on the foundation of these structures?