تاريخ اسلام در آينه پژوهش

In Islamic history, monarchy began with Mu'awiya's caliphate, and was preserved and spread thereafter. In the present study, the features of this system, i.e. rule by hereditary, aristocracy and royal private behaviour (hijābah), are re-identified from Muslims' general view. Herein, what is discussed is that in monarchial system, rule by hereditary is a principal feature and a factor for emergence of political crises; aristocracy expressed itself in the behavior and attitude of the monarch and his conceding unjust privileges; and royal private behaviour was accompanied by the monarch's tendency to keep himself hidden in the court, being unavailable to the people and, consequently, being unaware of cruelty and oppression of his agents as well as being incapable of exercising public supervision, which led to the monarch’s weak-mindedness and corruption. To sum up, the three abovementioned features were such that they made the monarchial system distinct from the Prophet's form of government and his caliphates, leading to his denial of monarchial system.